What is sepsis?
General information only. This article explains the basics and is not medical advice. For anything about your own health, talk to a doctor or other qualified professional.
Quick answer
Sepsis is a life-threatening medical emergency that happens when the body’s response to an infection goes wrong and starts damaging its own tissues and organs. It can lead to septic shock, organ failure and death. Anyone with signs of sepsis needs emergency care immediately.
Sepsis is not an infection itself. It’s the body’s extreme reaction to one. An infection in the lungs, urinary tract, skin or gut can trigger it, and it’s caused most often by bacteria, though viruses and fungi can also lead to sepsis.
Warning signs
Health agencies use simple lists to help people spot it. Signs can include:
- Fast breathing or shortness of breath
- Fast heart rate
- Confusion, disorientation or slurred speech
- Fever, shivering, or feeling very cold
- Clammy or sweaty skin
- Extreme pain or discomfort
- Mottled, bluish or pale skin, lips or tongue
- Not passing urine for a day
If you suspect sepsis, call your local emergency number or go to the emergency department and say “I’m worried about sepsis.”
Who is most at risk?
Anyone can get sepsis, but the risk is higher for:
| Group | Why |
|---|---|
| Adults 65 and older | Weaker immune response |
| Babies under 1 | Immature immune system |
| People with chronic conditions | Such as diabetes, lung, kidney or liver disease |
| People with weakened immune systems | Due to illness or treatments |
| People recovering from serious illness or surgery | Recent hospital stays and wounds |
Why speed matters
Sepsis can get worse within hours. Treatment in hospital is most effective when it starts early, which is why health agencies stress recognizing the signs and acting fast.
Can it be prevented?
You can lower the risk by preventing infections: keeping up with recommended vaccines, cleaning wounds, washing hands, and getting medical care for infections that aren’t getting better. Some people have lasting effects after sepsis, known as post-sepsis syndrome, and follow-up support can help with recovery. Viruses such as RSV can also cause serious illness in babies and older adults.
Sources
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